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Observational Study
. 2020 Nov;100:343-349.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014. Epub 2020 Sep 10.

COVID-19: Poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency

Dinesh Jothimani  1 , Ezhilarasan Kailasam  2 , Silas Danielraj  3 , Balaji Nallathambi  3 , Hemalatha Ramachandran  3 , Padmini Sekar  3 , Shruthi Manoharan  4 , Vidyalakshmi Ramani  4 , Gomathy Narasimhan  3 , Ilankumaran Kaliamoorthy  3 , Mohamed Rela  3
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Free PMC article
Observational Study

COVID-19: Poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency

Dinesh Jothimani et al. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov.
Free PMC article

Abstract

Background: Zinc is a trace element with potent immunoregulatory and antiviral properties, and is utilized in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, we do not know the clinical significance of serum Zinc levels in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of serum zinc in COVID-19 patients and to establish a correlation with disease severity.

Methods: This was a prospective study of fasting zinc levels in COVID-19 patients at the time of hospitalization. An initial comparative analysis was conducted between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 patients with zinc deficiency were compared to those with normal zinc levels.

Results: COVID-19 patients (n = 47) showed significantly lower zinc levels when compared to healthy controls (n = 45): median 74.5 (interquartile range 53.4-94.6) μg/dl vs 105.8 (interquartile range 95.65-120.90) μg/dl (p < 0.001). Amongst the COVID-19 patients, 27 (57.4%) were found to be zinc deficient. These patients were found to have higher rates of complications (p = 0.009), acute respiratory distress syndrome (18.5% vs 0%, p = 0.06), corticosteroid therapy (p = 0.02), prolonged hospital stay (p = 0.05), and increased mortality (18.5% vs 0%, p = 0.06). The odds ratio (OR) of developing complications was 5.54 for zinc deficient COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions: The study data clearly show that a significant number of COVID-19 patients were zinc deficient. These zinc deficient patients developed more complications, and the deficiency was associated with a prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Zinc.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Serum zinc levels in patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Illustration of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of zinc in COVID-19.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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